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><H1
><A
NAME="SQL-CREATEFUNCTION"
></A
>CREATE FUNCTION</H1
><DIV
CLASS="REFNAMEDIV"
><A
NAME="AEN65331"
></A
><H2
>Name</H2
>CREATE FUNCTION&nbsp;--&nbsp;define a new function</DIV
><DIV
CLASS="REFSYNOPSISDIV"
><A
NAME="AEN65336"
></A
><H2
>Synopsis</H2
><PRE
CLASS="SYNOPSIS"
>CREATE [ OR REPLACE ] FUNCTION
    <TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>name</I
></TT
> ( [ [ <TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>argmode</I
></TT
> ] [ <TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>argname</I
></TT
> ] <TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>argtype</I
></TT
> [ { DEFAULT | = } <TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>default_expr</I
></TT
> ] [, ...] ] )
    [ RETURNS <TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>rettype</I
></TT
>
      | RETURNS TABLE ( <TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>column_name</I
></TT
> <TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>column_type</I
></TT
> [, ...] ) ]
  { LANGUAGE <TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>lang_name</I
></TT
>
    | WINDOW
    | IMMUTABLE | STABLE | VOLATILE
    | CALLED ON NULL INPUT | RETURNS NULL ON NULL INPUT | STRICT
    | [ EXTERNAL ] SECURITY INVOKER | [ EXTERNAL ] SECURITY DEFINER
    | COST <TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>execution_cost</I
></TT
>
    | ROWS <TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>result_rows</I
></TT
>
    | SET <TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>configuration_parameter</I
></TT
> { TO <TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>value</I
></TT
> | = <TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>value</I
></TT
> | FROM CURRENT }
    | AS '<TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>definition</I
></TT
>'
    | AS '<TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>obj_file</I
></TT
>', '<TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>link_symbol</I
></TT
>'
  } ...
    [ WITH ( <TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>attribute</I
></TT
> [, ...] ) ]</PRE
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="REFSECT1"
><A
NAME="SQL-CREATEFUNCTION-DESCRIPTION"
></A
><H2
>Description</H2
><P
>   <TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>CREATE FUNCTION</TT
> defines a new function.
   <TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION</TT
> will either create a
   new function, or replace an existing definition.
   To be able to define a function, the user must have the
   <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>USAGE</TT
> privilege on the language.
  </P
><P
>   If a schema name is included, then the function is created in the
   specified schema.  Otherwise it is created in the current schema.
   The name of the new function must not match any existing function
   with the same input argument types in the same schema.  However,
   functions of different argument types can share a name (this is
   called <I
CLASS="FIRSTTERM"
>overloading</I
>).
  </P
><P
>   To replace the current definition of an existing function, use
   <TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION</TT
>.  It is not possible
   to change the name or argument types of a function this way (if you
   tried, you would actually be creating a new, distinct function).
   Also, <TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION</TT
> will not let
   you change the return type of an existing function.  To do that,
   you must drop and recreate the function.  (When using <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>OUT</TT
>
   parameters, that means you cannot change the types of any
   <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>OUT</TT
> parameters except by dropping the function.)
  </P
><P
>   When <TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION</TT
> is used to replace an
   existing function, the ownership and permissions of the function
   do not change.  All other function properties are assigned the
   values specified or implied in the command.  You must own the function
   to replace it (this includes being a member of the owning role).
  </P
><P
>   If you drop and then recreate a function, the new function is not
   the same entity as the old; you will have to drop existing rules, views,
   triggers, etc. that refer to the old function.  Use
   <TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION</TT
> to change a function
   definition without breaking objects that refer to the function.
   Also, <TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>ALTER FUNCTION</TT
> can be used to change most of the
   auxiliary properties of an existing function.
  </P
><P
>   The user that creates the function becomes the owner of the function.
  </P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="REFSECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN65375"
></A
><H2
>Parameters</H2
><P
></P
><DIV
CLASS="VARIABLELIST"
><DL
><DT
><TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>name</I
></TT
></DT
><DD
><P
>       The name (optionally schema-qualified) of the function to create.
      </P
></DD
><DT
><TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>argmode</I
></TT
></DT
><DD
><P
>       The mode of an argument: <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>IN</TT
>, <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>OUT</TT
>,
       <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>INOUT</TT
>, or <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>VARIADIC</TT
>.
       If omitted, the default is <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>IN</TT
>.
       Only <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>OUT</TT
> arguments can follow a <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>VARIADIC</TT
> one.
       Also, <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>OUT</TT
> and <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>INOUT</TT
> arguments cannot be used
       together with the <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>RETURNS TABLE</TT
> notation.
      </P
></DD
><DT
><TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>argname</I
></TT
></DT
><DD
><P
>       The name of an argument. Some languages (currently only PL/pgSQL) let
       you use the name in the function body.  For other languages the
       name of an input argument is just extra documentation, so far as
       the function itself is concerned; but you can use input argument names
       when calling a function to improve readability (see <A
HREF="sql-syntax-calling-funcs.html"
>Section 4.3</A
>).  In any case, the name
       of an output argument is significant, because it defines the column
       name in the result row type.  (If you omit the name for an output
       argument, the system will choose a default column name.)
      </P
></DD
><DT
><TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>argtype</I
></TT
></DT
><DD
><P
>       The data type(s) of the function's arguments (optionally
       schema-qualified), if any. The argument types can be base, composite,
       or domain types, or can reference the type of a table column.
      </P
><P
>       Depending on the implementation language it might also be allowed
       to specify <SPAN
CLASS="QUOTE"
>"pseudotypes"</SPAN
> such as <TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>cstring</TT
>.
       Pseudotypes indicate that the actual argument type is either
       incompletely specified, or outside the set of ordinary SQL data types.
      </P
><P
>       The type of a column is referenced by writing
       <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
><TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>table_name</I
></TT
>.<TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>column_name</I
></TT
>%TYPE</TT
>.
       Using this feature can sometimes help make a function independent of
       changes to the definition of a table.
      </P
></DD
><DT
><TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>default_expr</I
></TT
></DT
><DD
><P
>       An expression to be used as default value if the parameter is
       not specified.  The expression has to be coercible to the
       argument type of the parameter.
       Only input (including <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>INOUT</TT
>) parameters can have a default
        value.  All input parameters following a
       parameter with a default value must have default values as well.
      </P
></DD
><DT
><TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>rettype</I
></TT
></DT
><DD
><P
>       The return data type (optionally schema-qualified). The return type
       can be a base, composite, or domain type,
       or can reference the type of a table column.
       Depending on the implementation language it might also be allowed
       to specify <SPAN
CLASS="QUOTE"
>"pseudotypes"</SPAN
> such as <TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>cstring</TT
>.
       If the function is not supposed to return a value, specify
       <TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>void</TT
> as the return type.
      </P
><P
>       When there are <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>OUT</TT
> or <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>INOUT</TT
> parameters,
       the <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>RETURNS</TT
> clause can be omitted.  If present, it
       must agree with the result type implied by the output parameters:
       <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>RECORD</TT
> if there are multiple output parameters, or
       the same type as the single output parameter.
      </P
><P
>       The <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>SETOF</TT
>
       modifier indicates that the function will return a set of
       items, rather than a single item.
      </P
><P
>       The type of a column is referenced by writing
       <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
><TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>table_name</I
></TT
>.<TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>column_name</I
></TT
>%TYPE</TT
>.
      </P
></DD
><DT
><TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>column_name</I
></TT
></DT
><DD
><P
>       The name of an output column in the <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>RETURNS TABLE</TT
>
       syntax.  This is effectively another way of declaring a named
       <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>OUT</TT
> parameter, except that <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>RETURNS TABLE</TT
>
       also implies <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>RETURNS SETOF</TT
>.
      </P
></DD
><DT
><TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>column_type</I
></TT
></DT
><DD
><P
>       The data type of an output column in the <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>RETURNS TABLE</TT
>
       syntax.
      </P
></DD
><DT
><TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>lang_name</I
></TT
></DT
><DD
><P
>       The name of the language that the function is implemented in.
       Can be <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>SQL</TT
>, <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>C</TT
>,
       <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>internal</TT
>, or the name of a user-defined
       procedural language.  For backward compatibility,
       the name can be enclosed by single quotes.
      </P
></DD
><DT
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>WINDOW</TT
></DT
><DD
><P
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>WINDOW</TT
> indicates that the function is a
       <I
CLASS="FIRSTTERM"
>window function</I
> rather than a plain function.
       This is currently only useful for functions written in C.
       The <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>WINDOW</TT
> attribute cannot be changed when
       replacing an existing function definition.
      </P
></DD
><DT
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>IMMUTABLE</TT
><BR><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>STABLE</TT
><BR><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>VOLATILE</TT
></DT
><DD
><P
>       These attributes inform the query optimizer about the behavior
       of the function.  At most one choice
       can be specified.  If none of these appear,
       <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>VOLATILE</TT
> is the default assumption.
      </P
><P
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>IMMUTABLE</TT
> indicates that the function
       cannot modify the database and always
       returns the same result when given the same argument values; that
       is, it does not do database lookups or otherwise use information not
       directly present in its argument list.  If this option is given,
       any call of the function with all-constant arguments can be
       immediately replaced with the function value.
      </P
><P
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>STABLE</TT
> indicates that the function
       cannot modify the database,
       and that within a single table scan it will consistently
       return the same result for the same argument values, but that its
       result could change across SQL statements.  This is the appropriate
       selection for functions whose results depend on database lookups,
       parameter variables (such as the current time zone), etc.  (It is
       inappropriate for <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>AFTER</TT
> triggers that wish to
       query rows modified by the current command.)  Also note
       that the <CODE
CLASS="FUNCTION"
>current_timestamp</CODE
> family of functions qualify
       as stable, since their values do not change within a transaction.
      </P
><P
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>VOLATILE</TT
> indicates that the function value can
       change even within a single table scan, so no optimizations can be
       made.  Relatively few database functions are volatile in this sense;
       some examples are <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>random()</TT
>, <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>currval()</TT
>,
       <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>timeofday()</TT
>.  But note that any function that has
       side-effects must be classified volatile, even if its result is quite
       predictable, to prevent calls from being optimized away; an example is
       <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>setval()</TT
>.
      </P
><P
>       For additional details see <A
HREF="xfunc-volatility.html"
>Section 35.6</A
>.
      </P
></DD
><DT
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>CALLED ON NULL INPUT</TT
><BR><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>RETURNS NULL ON NULL INPUT</TT
><BR><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>STRICT</TT
></DT
><DD
><P
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>CALLED ON NULL INPUT</TT
> (the default) indicates
       that the function will be called normally when some of its
       arguments are null.  It is then the function author's
       responsibility to check for null values if necessary and respond
       appropriately.
      </P
><P
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>RETURNS NULL ON NULL INPUT</TT
> or
       <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>STRICT</TT
> indicates that the function always
       returns null whenever any of its arguments are null.  If this
       parameter is specified, the function is not executed when there
       are null arguments; instead a null result is assumed
       automatically.
      </P
></DD
><DT
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>[<SPAN
CLASS="OPTIONAL"
>EXTERNAL</SPAN
>] SECURITY INVOKER</TT
><BR><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>[<SPAN
CLASS="OPTIONAL"
>EXTERNAL</SPAN
>] SECURITY DEFINER</TT
></DT
><DD
><P
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>SECURITY INVOKER</TT
> indicates that the function
      is to be executed with the privileges of the user that calls it.
      That is the default.  <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>SECURITY DEFINER</TT
>
      specifies that the function is to be executed with the
      privileges of the user that created it.
     </P
><P
>      The key word <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>EXTERNAL</TT
> is allowed for SQL
      conformance, but it is optional since, unlike in SQL, this feature
      applies to all functions not only external ones.
     </P
></DD
><DT
><TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>execution_cost</I
></TT
></DT
><DD
><P
>       A positive number giving the estimated execution cost for the function,
       in units of <A
HREF="runtime-config-query.html#GUC-CPU-OPERATOR-COST"
>cpu_operator_cost</A
>.  If the function
       returns a set, this is the cost per returned row.  If the cost is
       not specified, 1 unit is assumed for C-language and internal functions,
       and 100 units for functions in all other languages.  Larger values
       cause the planner to try to avoid evaluating the function more often
       than necessary.
      </P
></DD
><DT
><TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>result_rows</I
></TT
></DT
><DD
><P
>       A positive number giving the estimated number of rows that the planner
       should expect the function to return.  This is only allowed when the
       function is declared to return a set.  The default assumption is
       1000 rows.
      </P
></DD
><DT
><TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>configuration_parameter</I
></TT
><BR><TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>value</I
></TT
></DT
><DD
><P
>       The <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>SET</TT
> clause causes the specified configuration
       parameter to be set to the specified value when the function is
       entered, and then restored to its prior value when the function exits.
       <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>SET FROM CURRENT</TT
> saves the session's current value of
       the parameter as the value to be applied when the function is entered.
      </P
><P
>       If a <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>SET</TT
> clause is attached to a function, then
       the effects of a <TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>SET LOCAL</TT
> command executed inside the
       function for the same variable are restricted to the function: the
       configuration parameter's prior value is still restored at function exit.
       However, an ordinary
       <TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>SET</TT
> command (without <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>LOCAL</TT
>) overrides the
       <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>SET</TT
> clause, much as it would do for a previous <TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>SET
       LOCAL</TT
> command: the effects of such a command will persist after
       function exit, unless the current transaction is rolled back.
      </P
><P
>       See <A
HREF="sql-set.html"
>SET</A
> and
       <A
HREF="runtime-config.html"
>Chapter 18</A
>
       for more information about allowed parameter names and values.
      </P
></DD
><DT
><TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>definition</I
></TT
></DT
><DD
><P
>       A string constant defining the function; the meaning depends on the
       language.  It can be an internal function name, the path to an
       object file, an SQL command, or text in a procedural language.
      </P
><P
>       It is often helpful to use dollar quoting (see <A
HREF="sql-syntax-lexical.html#SQL-SYNTAX-DOLLAR-QUOTING"
>Section 4.1.2.4</A
>) to write the function definition
       string, rather than the normal single quote syntax.  Without dollar
       quoting, any single quotes or backslashes in the function definition must
       be escaped by doubling them.
      </P
></DD
><DT
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
><TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>obj_file</I
></TT
>, <TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>link_symbol</I
></TT
></TT
></DT
><DD
><P
>       This form of the <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>AS</TT
> clause is used for
       dynamically loadable C language functions when the function name
       in the C language source code is not the same as the name of
       the SQL function. The string <TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>obj_file</I
></TT
> is the name of the
       file containing the dynamically loadable object, and
       <TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>link_symbol</I
></TT
> is the
       function's link symbol, that is, the name of the function in the C
       language source code.  If the link symbol is omitted, it is assumed
       to be the same as the name of the SQL function being defined.
      </P
><P
>       When repeated <TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>CREATE FUNCTION</TT
> calls refer to
       the same object file, the file is only loaded once per session.
       To unload and
       reload the file (perhaps during development), start a new session.
      </P
></DD
><DT
><TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>attribute</I
></TT
></DT
><DD
><P
>       The historical way to specify optional pieces of information
       about the function.  The following attributes can appear here:

      <P
></P
></P><DIV
CLASS="VARIABLELIST"
><DL
><DT
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>isStrict</TT
></DT
><DD
><P
>          Equivalent to <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>STRICT</TT
> or <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>RETURNS NULL ON NULL INPUT</TT
>.
         </P
></DD
><DT
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>isCachable</TT
></DT
><DD
><P
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>isCachable</TT
> is an obsolete equivalent of
          <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>IMMUTABLE</TT
>; it's still accepted for
          backwards-compatibility reasons.
         </P
></DD
></DL
></DIV
><P>

      Attribute names are not case-sensitive.
     </P
></DD
></DL
></DIV
><P
>    Refer to <A
HREF="xfunc.html"
>Section 35.3</A
> for further information on writing
    functions.
   </P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="REFSECT1"
><A
NAME="SQL-CREATEFUNCTION-OVERLOADING"
></A
><H2
>Overloading</H2
><P
>    <SPAN
CLASS="PRODUCTNAME"
>PostgreSQL</SPAN
> allows function
    <I
CLASS="FIRSTTERM"
>overloading</I
>; that is, the same name can be
    used for several different functions so long as they have distinct
    input argument types.  However, the C names of all functions must be
    different, so you must give overloaded C functions different C
    names (for example, use the argument types as part of the C
    names).
   </P
><P
>    Two functions are considered the same if they have the same names and
    <SPAN
CLASS="emphasis"
><I
CLASS="EMPHASIS"
>input</I
></SPAN
> argument types, ignoring any <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>OUT</TT
>
    parameters.  Thus for example these declarations conflict:
</P><PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
>CREATE FUNCTION foo(int) ...
CREATE FUNCTION foo(int, out text) ...</PRE
><P>
   </P
><P
>    Functions that have different argument type lists will not be considered
    to conflict at creation time, but if defaults are provided they might
    conflict in use.  For example, consider
</P><PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
>CREATE FUNCTION foo(int) ...
CREATE FUNCTION foo(int, int default 42) ...</PRE
><P>
    A call <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>foo(10)</TT
> will fail due to the ambiguity about which
    function should be called.
   </P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="REFSECT1"
><A
NAME="SQL-CREATEFUNCTION-NOTES"
></A
><H2
>Notes</H2
><P
>    The full <ACRONYM
CLASS="ACRONYM"
>SQL</ACRONYM
> type syntax is allowed for
    input arguments and return value. However, some details of the
    type specification (e.g., the precision field for
    type <TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>numeric</TT
>) are the responsibility of the
    underlying function implementation and are silently swallowed
    (i.e., not recognized or
    enforced) by the <TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>CREATE FUNCTION</TT
> command.
   </P
><P
>    When replacing an existing function with <TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>CREATE OR REPLACE
    FUNCTION</TT
>, there are restrictions on changing parameter names.
    You cannot change the name already assigned to any input parameter
    (although you can add names to parameters that had none before).
    If there is more than one output parameter, you cannot change the
    names of the output parameters, because that would change the
    column names of the anonymous composite type that describes the
    function's result.  These restrictions are made to ensure that
    existing calls of the function do not stop working when it is replaced.
   </P
><P
>    If a function is declared <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>STRICT</TT
> with a <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>VARIADIC</TT
>
    argument, the strictness check tests that the variadic array <SPAN
CLASS="emphasis"
><I
CLASS="EMPHASIS"
>as
    a whole</I
></SPAN
> is non-null.  The function will still be called if the
    array has null elements.
   </P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="REFSECT1"
><A
NAME="SQL-CREATEFUNCTION-EXAMPLES"
></A
><H2
>Examples</H2
><P
>   Here are some trivial examples to help you get started.  For more
   information and examples, see <A
HREF="xfunc.html"
>Section 35.3</A
>.
</P><PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
>CREATE FUNCTION add(integer, integer) RETURNS integer
    AS 'select $1 + $2;'
    LANGUAGE SQL
    IMMUTABLE
    RETURNS NULL ON NULL INPUT;</PRE
><P>
  </P
><P
>   Increment an integer, making use of an argument name, in
   <SPAN
CLASS="APPLICATION"
>PL/pgSQL</SPAN
>:
</P><PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
>CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION increment(i integer) RETURNS integer AS $$
        BEGIN
                RETURN i + 1;
        END;
$$ LANGUAGE plpgsql;</PRE
><P>
  </P
><P
>   Return a record containing multiple output parameters:
</P><PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
>CREATE FUNCTION dup(in int, out f1 int, out f2 text)
    AS $$ SELECT $1, CAST($1 AS text) || ' is text' $$
    LANGUAGE SQL;

SELECT * FROM dup(42);</PRE
><P>
   You can do the same thing more verbosely with an explicitly named
   composite type:
</P><PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
>CREATE TYPE dup_result AS (f1 int, f2 text);

CREATE FUNCTION dup(int) RETURNS dup_result
    AS $$ SELECT $1, CAST($1 AS text) || ' is text' $$
    LANGUAGE SQL;

SELECT * FROM dup(42);</PRE
><P>
   Another way to return multiple columns is to use a <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>TABLE</TT
>
   function:
</P><PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
>CREATE FUNCTION dup(int) RETURNS TABLE(f1 int, f2 text)
    AS $$ SELECT $1, CAST($1 AS text) || ' is text' $$
    LANGUAGE SQL;

SELECT * FROM dup(42);</PRE
><P>
   However, a <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>TABLE</TT
> function is different from the
   preceding examples, because it actually returns a <SPAN
CLASS="emphasis"
><I
CLASS="EMPHASIS"
>set</I
></SPAN
>
   of records, not just one record.
  </P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="REFSECT1"
><A
NAME="SQL-CREATEFUNCTION-SECURITY"
></A
><H2
>Writing <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>SECURITY DEFINER</TT
> Functions Safely</H2
><P
>    Because a <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>SECURITY DEFINER</TT
> function is executed
    with the privileges of the user that created it, care is needed to
    ensure that the function cannot be misused.  For security,
    <A
HREF="runtime-config-client.html#GUC-SEARCH-PATH"
>search_path</A
> should be set to exclude any schemas
    writable by untrusted users.  This prevents
    malicious users from creating objects that mask objects used by the
    function.  Particularly important in this regard is the
    temporary-table schema, which is searched first by default, and
    is normally writable by anyone.  A secure arrangement can be had
    by forcing the temporary schema to be searched last.  To do this,
    write <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>pg_temp</TT
> as the last entry in <TT
CLASS="VARNAME"
>search_path</TT
>.
    This function illustrates safe usage:
   </P
><PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
>CREATE FUNCTION check_password(uname TEXT, pass TEXT)
RETURNS BOOLEAN AS $$
DECLARE passed BOOLEAN;
BEGIN
        SELECT  (pwd = $2) INTO passed
        FROM    pwds
        WHERE   username = $1;

        RETURN passed;
END;
$$  LANGUAGE plpgsql
    SECURITY DEFINER
    -- Set a secure search_path: trusted schema(s), then 'pg_temp'.
    SET search_path = admin, pg_temp;</PRE
><P
>    Before <SPAN
CLASS="PRODUCTNAME"
>PostgreSQL</SPAN
> version 8.3, the
    <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>SET</TT
> option was not available, and so older functions may
    contain rather complicated logic to save, set, and restore
    <TT
CLASS="VARNAME"
>search_path</TT
>.  The <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>SET</TT
> option is far easier
    to use for this purpose.
   </P
><P
>    Another point to keep in mind is that by default, execute privilege
    is granted to <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>PUBLIC</TT
> for newly created functions
    (see <A
HREF="sql-grant.html"
>GRANT</A
> for more
    information).  Frequently you will wish to restrict use of a security
    definer function to only some users.  To do that, you must revoke
    the default <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>PUBLIC</TT
> privileges and then grant execute
    privilege selectively.  To avoid having a window where the new function
    is accessible to all, create it and set the privileges within a single
    transaction.  For example:
   </P
><PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
>BEGIN;
CREATE FUNCTION check_password(uname TEXT, pass TEXT) ... SECURITY DEFINER;
REVOKE ALL ON FUNCTION check_password(uname TEXT, pass TEXT) FROM PUBLIC;
GRANT EXECUTE ON FUNCTION check_password(uname TEXT, pass TEXT) TO admins;
COMMIT;</PRE
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="REFSECT1"
><A
NAME="SQL-CREATEFUNCTION-COMPAT"
></A
><H2
>Compatibility</H2
><P
>   A <TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>CREATE FUNCTION</TT
> command is defined in SQL:1999 and later.
   The <SPAN
CLASS="PRODUCTNAME"
>PostgreSQL</SPAN
> version is similar but
   not fully compatible.  The attributes are not portable, neither are the
   different available languages.
  </P
><P
>   For compatibility with some other database systems,
   <TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>argmode</I
></TT
> can be written
   either before or after <TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>argname</I
></TT
>.
   But only the first way is standard-compliant.
  </P
><P
>   The SQL standard does not specify parameter defaults.  The syntax
   with the <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>DEFAULT</TT
> key word is from Oracle, and it
   is somewhat in the spirit of the standard: SQL/PSM uses it for
   variable default values.  The syntax with <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>=</TT
> is
   used in T-SQL and Firebird.
  </P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="REFSECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN65662"
></A
><H2
>See Also</H2
><A
HREF="sql-alterfunction.html"
>ALTER FUNCTION</A
>, <A
HREF="sql-dropfunction.html"
>DROP FUNCTION</A
>, <A
HREF="sql-grant.html"
>GRANT</A
>, <A
HREF="sql-load.html"
>LOAD</A
>, <A
HREF="sql-revoke.html"
>REVOKE</A
>, <A
HREF="app-createlang.html"
><SPAN
CLASS="APPLICATION"
>createlang</SPAN
></A
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